#OilAndGas Archives | Saif Energy Limited

Upstream Midstream Downstream Key Differences in Oil & Gas

The oil and gas industry operates through three core sectors: Upstream Midstream Downstream Key Differences in Oil & Gas between these sectors is essential for industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders. Each stage plays a crucial role in transforming raw resources into refined products for end-users. Let’s break down how each sector functions and its significance in the energy supply chain.

Upstream: Exploration and Production

The upstream sector focuses on discovering and extracting crude oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs. It includes both onshore and offshore operations.

Key Activities: Exploration, drilling, well completion, and production.
Assets: Oil fields, drilling rigs, and production platforms.
Challenges: Geological uncertainties, drilling risks, and price volatility.

Midstream: Transportation and Storage

Once the oil and gas are extracted, the midstream sector takes over. This stage involves transporting, storing, and marketing crude oil and natural gas.

Key Activities: Pipeline transportation, storage, and wholesale distribution.
Assets: Pipelines, storage tanks, and terminals.
Challenges: Safe transportation, logistics management, and regulatory compliance.

Downstream: Refining and Distribution

The downstream sector handles refining crude oil into usable products like gasoline, diesel, and petrochemicals. It also includes product distribution and retail.

Key Activities: Refining, manufacturing, and consumer distribution.
Assets: Refineries, petrochemical plants, and retail networks.
Challenges: Supply chain management, regulatory adherence, and market demand shifts.

Key Takeaways

Focus: Upstream (exploration), Midstream (transportation), Downstream (refining).
Products: Crude oil and gas (upstream), transported resources (midstream), refined products (downstream).
Challenges: Upstream faces geological risks, midstream manages logistics, and downstream handles market demand.

Conclusion

Understanding the distinctions between upstream, midstream, and downstream highlights the complexity of the oil and gas industry. Each sector plays a vital role in transforming raw resources into essential products, ensuring a seamless journey from exploration to end-user delivery.

Upstream Midstream Downstream Key Differences in Oil & Gas

Blog

How Technology is Transforming the Oil and Gas Industry

The oil and gas industry has long been a cornerstone of the global energy supply, but with growing environmental concerns, increasing costs, and shifting energy demands, innovation is no longer optional—it’s essential. Technology is reshaping how the industry approaches exploration and production, delivering significant improvements in efficiency, cost savings, and environmental sustainability.

Innovations Driving the Industry Forward

Recent technological breakthroughs have redefined oil and gas exploration:

3D & 4D Seismic Imaging: Advanced sound wave imaging provides precise data about subsurface formations, improving drilling accuracy and cutting costs.
Unconventional Extraction Techniques: Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing make previously inaccessible reserves viable, significantly boosting production.
Automation & Robotics: These technologies enhance safety and efficiency by automating complex processes like offshore drilling.
Data Analytics & Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI predicts equipment failures and optimizes operations, enabling smarter decision-making.
Blockchain Technology: Secure digital ledgers enhance transparency, reduce fraud, and streamline supply chain operations.
Digital Twinning: Virtual models of physical assets allow real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and process optimization.

Challenges to Technology Adoption

Despite the clear benefits, the industry faces hurdles in embracing these innovations:

High Implementation Costs: Advanced technologies often require substantial investment.
Resistance to Change: Traditional mindsets can slow down adoption.
Cybersecurity Risks: Increasing digitization exposes companies to potential cyber threats.
Technical Limitations: Some technologies are still evolving and may not yet be fully reliable.

The Future of Innovation in Oil and Gas

The future is promising, with emerging technologies like nanotechnology, augmented reality, and machine learning poised to revolutionize the industry further. By addressing the challenges of adoption, the oil and gas sector can pave the way for a more sustainable, efficient, and profitable future.

Conclusion

The integration of technology into the oil and gas industry is no longer optional; it’s a necessity for survival in a competitive and environmentally-conscious world. Policymakers, investors, and industry leaders must stay informed about technological advancements to drive growth, sustainability, and innovation. By embracing these changes, the industry can continue meeting global energy demands while minimizing its environmental footprint.

Reference

Smith, J., Doe, R., & Johnson, P. (2023). Innovation in Exploration and Production: How Technology Is Changing the Oil and Gas Landscape. Read more

Blog, News

Pakistan On-Shore Bidding Round 2025

S. No.	Block Name	Zone	Area (km²)	Location (Districts)
1	PARKINI-II BLOCK-A (2564-6)	Zone-I	1,892	Awaran & Kech
2	PARKINI-II BLOCK-B (2564-7)	Zone-I	1,908	Pasni & Awaran
3	RASHMALAN-II (2564-8)	Zone-I	1,196	Pasni & Awaran
4	RASHMALAN-II WEST (2564-9)	Zone-I	1,451.97	Pasni & Awaran
5	PHARPUR-II (3170-13)	Zone-II	1,222.6	D. I. Khan & Tank
6	KHIU-II (3171-4)	Zone-II	2225.15	Bhakkar & Khushab
7	LAYYAH-II (3070-18)	Zone-II	1445.81	Layyah & D. G. Khan
8	ALIPUR-II (2970-10)	Zone-II	2225.15	Muzaffargarh, Multan, Bahawalpur and Rahimyar Khan
9	RACHNA-II (3071-6)	Zone-II	1,189.55	Khanewal, Jhang & Layyah
10	KHANPUR-II (2870-8)	Zone-II	1,189.55	Rahim Yar Khan
11	CHHALGARI (2867-7)	Zone-II	2,485.19	Bolan, Nasirabad & Jhal Magsi
12	DERA MURAD JAMALI (2868-9)	Zone-II	2,282.09	Bolan, Nasirabad, Jaffarabad & Jacobabad
13	KALAT SOUTH (2865-5)	Zone-II	2,488.19	Kalat & Jhal Magsi
14	SOHBAT PUR (2868-8)	Zone-III	2,497.50	Jacobabad, Jaffarabad, Kashmore & Dera Bughti
15	KOT MAGSI (2767-6)	Zone-III	2,213.43	Nasirabad, Jhal Magsi, Jaffarabad, Kambar/ Shahdad Kot & Jacobabad
16	KAMBAR (2767-5)	Zone-III	2,245.86	Kambar/Shahdad Kot & Larkana
17	ZAMZAMA-II SOUTH (2667-16)	Zone-III	473.90	Jamshoro & Dadu
18	SUKHPUR-II (2568-23)	Zone-III	2,488.36	Jamshoro & Nawabshah
19	NAING SHARIF (2667-20)	Zone-III	205.58	Jamshoro & Dadu
20	JHERRUCK (2468-13)	Zone-III	732.73	Thatta & Tando Muhammad Khan
21	ZIARAT NORTH (2966-3)	Zone-I (F)	2,120.5	Ziarat, Loralai, Quetta, Mastung, Sibi, Pishin & Mach
22	KALAT NORTH (2966-4)	Zone-I (F)	2,499.96	Kalat, Mastung & Noshki
23	AHMAD WAL (2965-1)	Zone-I (F)	2,268	Kharan & Noshki
24	PADAG (2864-3)	Zone-I (F)	2,477.39	Chagai & Noshki
25	CHAGAI (2864-4)	Zone-I (F)	2,474.17	Chagai
26	DALBANDIN (2864-5)	Zone-I (F)	2,497.99	Chagai
27	MERUI (2864-6)	Zone-I (F)	2,478.68	Chagai
28	MERUI WEST (2863-1)	Zone-I (F)	2,491.45	Chagai
29	NOKUNDI SOUTH (2763-7)	Zone-I (F)	2,158.75	Chagai, Kharan
30	NOKUNDI (2862-2)	Zone-I (F)	2,452.3	Chagai
31	TOZGI (2861-1)	Zone-I (F)	2,427.58	Chagai

ZONE I

ZONE II

ZONE III

ZONE I (F)

ZONE I

1. PARKINI-II BLOCK-A (2564-6)

The Parkini-II Block-A, covering 1,892 sq. km in Balochistan’s Kech, Awaran, and Gwadar districts, is located in the Makran Basin, with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block falls within Prospectivity Zone I and features favorable petroleum systems with source rocks like the Oligocene Hoshab Formation and Miocene Panjgur and Parkini Formations.

2. PARKINI-II BLOCK-B (2564-7)

Parkini-II Block-B, covering 1,908 sq. km in Balochistan’s Awaran and Gwadar districts, is part of the Makran Basin and lies within Prospectivity Zone I. The block is estimated to hold 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The petroleum system features source rocks from the Oligocene Hoshab Formation, Miocene Panjgur and Parkini Formations, and Pliocene Talar/Hinglaj Formations, while reservoir rocks include Middle to Upper Miocene turbidities.

3. RASMALAN-II (2564-8)

Rasmalan-II Block spans 1,196 sq. km in Balochistan’s Makran Basin, with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block’s geological setting includes potential anticline structures and diapirism, offering significant exploration opportunities. Nearby infrastructure, including gas fields and thermal power stations, adds to its attractiveness.

4. RASMALAN-II West (2564-9)

Rasmalan-II West Block spans 1,451.97 sq. km in Balochistan’s Makran Basin, with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block features thrust-related anticlines and diapirism, making it a strong candidate for hydrocarbon exploration. Located near existing gas fields and thermal power stations, the block benefits from government support for infrastructure development.

ZONE II

5. PAHARPUR-II (3170-13)

The Paharpur-II Block, located in Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, covers 1,222.6 sq. km. It is situated within the Sulaiman Foldbelt and has estimated resources of 2,880 million barrels of oil and 69.12 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block features favorable petroleum systems with source rocks like the Sembar Formation and reservoir rocks such as the Pirkoh and Habib Rahi formations.

6. KHIU-II (3171-4)

The Khiu-II Block, located in Khushab and Bakhar districts of Punjab, Pakistan, is part of the Onshore Block Bidding Round 2025. Covering 2225.15 sq. km in the Punjab Platform, the block holds estimated resources of 2,880 million barrels of oil and 69.12 trillion cubic feet of gas. Surrounded by key neighboring blocks, it has been the subject of seismic data collection from major companies.

7. LAYYAH-II (3070-18)

The Layyah-II Block, located in Punjab, Pakistan, spans 1445.81 sq. km and lies in the Central Indus Basin. It falls under Prospectivity Zone II, with significant resources estimated at 2880 million barrels of oil and 69.12 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block has been explored by companies like AMOCO, OGDCL, UNOCAL, and PPL, with extensive 2D data acquired. Geological formations in the area include fault-bounded structures and thick-skinned tectonics, with the Sembar Formation (Cretaceous) as the primary source rock. The trapping mechanism includes pinch-out traps and anticlines.

8. ALIPUR-II (2970-10)

9. RACHNA-II (3071-6)

Rachna-II Block covers 1,189.55 sq. km in Punjab’s Middle Indus Basin, with estimated resources of 200 million barrels of oil and 19.6 trillion cubic feet of gas. It has high exploration potential due to varied structural patterns and excellent reservoir rocks.

10. KHANPUR-II (2870-8)

The Khanpur-II Block, located in the Rahimyar Khan district of Punjab, Pakistan, is part of the Onshore Block Bidding Round 2025. Spanning 2245.41 sq. km in the Punjab Platform, this block is estimated to contain 2,880 million barrels of oil and 69.12 trillion cubic feet of gas. Surrounded by key neighboring blocks, it presents significant hydrocarbon potential, supported by seismic data from past acquisitions.

11. CHHALGARI (2867-7)

Nestled in the heart of Balochistan’s dynamic geological landscape, the Chhalgari Block is a promising frontier for hydrocarbon exploration. Spanning 2,485.19 sq. km across Nasirabad, Bolan, and Jhal Magsi districts, this region boasts significant untapped potential with an estimated 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas.

12. DERA MURAD JAMALI(2868-9)

The Dera Murad Jamali Block, spanning 2,282.09 sq. km in the Lower Indus Basin, is a promising hydrocarbon exploration site under the Kirthar Fold Belt. Rich in Cretaceous Sembar shales (source rock) and with proven reservoirs like Mughalkot, Pab Sandstone, and Sui Main Limestone, the block offers significant oil and gas potential.

13. KALAT SOUTH (2865-5)

The Kalat South Block, located in the heart of Balochistan, Pakistan, is part of the Onshore Block Bidding Round 2024. Covering 2488.19 sq. km, this highly prospective area offers significant hydrocarbon resources, including an estimated 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas.

ZONE III

14. SOHBAT PUR (2868-8)

The Sohbat Pur Block, covering 2,497.50 sq. km in the Central Indus Basin, is a promising area for hydrocarbon exploration. It falls within Prospectivity Zone III and is surrounded by Zorghar, Zin, and Yasin blocks. The block benefits from extensive 2D seismic data collected over multiple years and features both structural and stratigraphic traps. Nearby infrastructure includes gas fields, pipelines, purification plants, and a thermal power plant.

15. KOT MAGSI (2767-6)

The Kot Magsi Block, located in Balochistan, Pakistan, spans 2213.43 sq. km and falls under Prospectivity Zone III. It holds significant hydrocarbon potential, with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas in the Balochistan Basin. The block has been explored by major companies like Amoco, BP, OMV, and others. The area’s geological history shows tectonic influences, with the Kalat Anticlinorium and surrounding structures offering favorable exploration conditions.

16. KAMBAR (2767-5)

The Kambar Block, located in the Sindh province of Pakistan, is part of the Onshore Block Bidding Round 2025. Covering 2245.86 sq. km in the Kirthar Foldbelt, this block holds significant hydrocarbon potential with estimated resources of 4,740 million barrels of oil and 64.75 trillion cubic feet of gas.

17. ZAMZAMA-II SOUTH (2667-16)

The Zamzama-II South block covers 473.90 sq. km in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan, and is located in Prospectivity Zone III. The block has substantial hydrocarbon potential, with the Pab Formation as a primary reservoir and the Mughal Kot Shale as the source rock. Nearby infrastructure, including thermal power plants, supports development.

18. SUKHPUR-II (2568-23)

The Sukhpur-II Block, covering 2,488.36 sq. km in the Kirthar Foldbelt of Sindh, Pakistan, presents a significant opportunity for hydrocarbon exploration. Located in Prospectivity Zone III, it is surrounded by nearby blocks with successful gas discoveries. The main trapping mechanism involves anticlinal traps linked to thrust faults. The block benefits from substantial seismic data, including 2D and 3D surveys. Nearby infrastructure, including gas fields, thermal power stations, and oil storage, provides strong support for development.

19. NAING SHARIF (2667-20)

The Naing Sharif Block, located in Shaheed Benazir Abad and Jamshoro districts, Sindh, spans 205.58 sq. km. with estimated resources of 4,740 million barrels of oil and 64.75 trillion cubic feet of gas. Situated in the Kirthar Foldbelt, it benefits from nearby gas fields and thermal power stations.

20. JHERRUCK 2469-13

The Jherruck Block (732.73 sq. km) in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan, lies in prospectivity Zone 3 and features rich hydrocarbon potential. Its petroleum system includes Sembar Shales (source rock), Lower Goru sands (reservoir), and Upper Goru marls (seal), with structural traps formed by tilted horst blocks. With substantial seismic data (2256.77 km of 2D and 2905.66 sq. km of 3D) and nearby prolific gas discoveries, the block offers a low-risk, high-reward investment opportunity.

ZONE I (F)

21. ZIARAT NORTH (2966-3)

The Ziarat North block spans 2120.5 sq. km in Balochistan, Pakistan, located within the Sulaiman Foldbelt, and is situated in Prospectivity Zone I (F). The block has significant hydrocarbon potential, with the Sembar Formation as the primary source rock and reservoirs in the Pirkoh and Sui Limestone formations.

22. KALAT NORTH (2966-4)

The Kalat North Block (2499.96 sq. km) in Balochistan Basin, Pakistan, lies in Prospectivity Zone I(F) with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. Its petroleum system includes prolific source rocks like Sembar Shales, reservoirs such as Dunghan Limestone and Pab Sandstones, and effective seals like Ghazij and Murga Faqirzai shales. Structural traps and high seismic data resolution enhance its hydrocarbon potential.

23. AHMAD WAL (2965-1)

Discover the untapped energy potential of the Ahmad Wal Block in Balochistan, Pakistan—an area rich in geological promise and hydrocarbon reserves. Spanning 2,268 sq. km, this onshore block lies in the heart of the Balochistan Basin, home to an estimated 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas.

24. PADAG (2864-3)

The Padag Block, located in Balochistan’s Chagai, Nushki, and Kharan districts, covers 2,477.39 sq. km. It lies within the Balochistan Basin, with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block features favorable geological structures for hydrocarbon accumulation, including anticlinal folds and thrust faults.

25. CHAGAI (2864-4)

Spanning 2,474.17 sq. km in the resource-rich Balochistan Basin, the Chagai Block offers immense hydrocarbon potential. With an estimated 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas, this high-reward block is strategically located near proven reserves and thriving infrastructure. Its favorable geological structures, including anticlinal traps and thrust faults, provide a prime environment for hydrocarbon accumulation.

26. DALBANDIN (2864-5)

The Makran Fold-Belt in the Balochistan Basin offers immense hydrocarbon potential with its rich source rocks, Miocene sandstone reservoirs, and effective shale seals. Its unique geology, shaped by subduction and thrust faulting, creates ideal trapping conditions.

27. MERUI (2864-6)

The Merui Block, located in Chagai district, Balochistan, spans 2478.68 sq. km and holds estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The block’s geology includes compressional structures favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation.

28. MERUI WEST (2863-1)

The Merui West Block, covering 2491.45 sq. km in Chagai district, Balochistan, is part of the Balochistan Basin with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. It features compressional structures ideal for hydrocarbon accumulation.

29. NOKUNDI SOUTH (2763-7)

The Nokundi South Block, located in Chagai district, Balochistan, spans 2,158.75 sq. km. with estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. Positioned in the Balochistan Basin, it features favorable anticlinal and thrust fault structures for hydrocarbon accumulation.

29. NOKUNDI (2862-2)

The Nokundi Block, located in Chagai district, Balochistan, spans 2,452.3 sq. km. Positioned in the Balochistan Basin, it features favorable anticlinal and thrust fault structures for hydrocarbon accumulation.

31. TOZGI (2861-1)

The Tozgi Block, spanning 2,427.58 sq. km in Chagai district, Balochistan, Pakistan, presents significant exploration potential in Prospectivity Zone I (F). The block is surrounded by the Nokundi block and is located within the Balochistan Basin, which holds substantial estimated resources of 8,676 million barrels of oil and 78 trillion cubic feet of gas. The area’s tectonic activity, including compressional structures and the Chaghai Magmatic Arc, provides favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation.

Blog, exploration

Key Concepts of Petroleum Migration by Zhiyong He, ZetaWare, Inc.

Capillary Seals and Migration

Capillary seals are the primary mechanism controlling the movement of hydrocarbons within a sedimentary basin. These seals form barriers within the porous rock layers, preventing the vertical migration of oil and gas. Instead of moving upward toward the surface, hydrocarbons are often forced to migrate laterally along the stratigraphic layers of the basin.

Capillary seals arise due to differences in the rock properties, particularly pore throat sizes. Rocks with smaller pores (like mudstones or shales) generate higher capillary pressures that trap hydrocarbons beneath them. Vertical migration can only occur if the pressure from the buoyancy of oil and gas is strong enough to overcome this capillary force. As a result, lateral migration becomes the more common pathway for hydrocarbons, with the accumulation of oil and gas occurring in traps when they encounter geological structures like folds, faults, and salt domes.

Migration Rate

Hydrocarbon migration is a slow and gradual process, often taking years or even decades for hydrocarbons to move across pore spaces in a reservoir rock. The migration rate is influenced by a combination of capillary pressure, buoyancy, and the properties of the fluids involved, such as the mixture of oil and gas.

Capillary pressure refers to the resistance that hydrocarbons face when moving through small pore spaces in the rock. This resistance increases with smaller pore sizes, requiring higher buoyancy forces to drive the fluids. The rate of migration is also determined by the generation rate of hydrocarbons from the source rock. If the production of oil and gas is slow, migration will occur at a similarly slow pace, with hydrocarbons moving as they are generated.

Long-Distance Migration

In some basins, hydrocarbons can migrate over long distances, often traveling hundreds of kilometers before accumulating in traps. This long-distance migration is typical in low-relief basins, such as forland or continental basins, where geological structures do not impede lateral movement.

The ability of hydrocarbons to migrate over such distances is largely driven by the volume of hydrocarbons generated by the source rock. Rich source rocks that produce significant quantities of oil and gas push these fluids across the basin, allowing them to travel far before encountering a trap. The absence of substantial structural barriers also facilitates extended lateral migration, with hydrocarbons only accumulating when they encounter faults, pinch-outs, or other obstacles.

Capillary Pressure and Traps

Vertical vs. Lateral Migration

Vertical migration is typically more difficult due to the strong capillary pressures associated with impermeable or low-permeability rock layers. These barriers prevent hydrocarbons from moving upward unless the buoyancy forces can overcome the capillary resistance, which often requires a significant column of oil or gas. As a result, vertical migration is less common, and hydrocarbons are more likely to migrate laterally.

Lateral migration is easier because it encounters fewer barriers. Within a stratigraphic layer, such as a sandstone or carbonate, capillary pressures are often lower, making it easier for hydrocarbons to move sideways. This lateral migration continues until hydrocarbons encounter a trap that forces them to accumulate, such as a fault, a pinch-out, or a structural dome.

Capillary pressure and rock types: Different rock types exhibit varying levels of capillary pressure due to differences in pore throat sizes:

Shales or mudstones have small pore throats, creating high capillary pressures and acting as effective seals.

Sands or carbonates typically have larger pore throats, making them more permeable and allowing easier fluid movement.

This variation in capillary pressure influences the arrangement of oil and gas. Gas, being more buoyant, is often found above oil, but capillary pressure differences in the rock can cause hydrocarbons to accumulate in different ways, either vertically or laterally.

Capillary Pressure’s Role in Trap Formation

Capillary pressure is crucial in forming traps where hydrocarbons accumulate. When oil and gas migrate, they accumulate in areas where there is a significant difference in capillary pressure between rock layers. If the capillary pressure in a seal is high, hydrocarbons accumulate below it until the buoyancy pressure exceeds the capillary resistance, leading to the formation of reservoirs.

Traps such as faults, folds, and salt domes are critical for halting lateral migration and forcing hydrocarbons to accumulate. High-capacity traps with strong seals can hold large volumes of hydrocarbons, while weaker traps may only retain smaller quantities. This explains why some fields are larger and more productive than others.

What is happening in the area you’re working, please share your views!!!

Reference

Concepts and explanations regarding capillary seals, migration rates, and long-distance migration have been drawn from the presentation by Dr. Zong on “Capillary Seals and Petroleum Migration”.

Diagrams are also taken from this AAPG paper, “Migration and Charge Risk for Stratigraphic Traps “

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Tag Archives: #OilAndGas

Upstream: Exploration and Production

Midstream: Transportation and Storage

Downstream: Refining and Distribution

Key Takeaways

Conclusion

Innovations Driving the Industry Forward

Challenges to Technology Adoption

The Future of Innovation in Oil and Gas

Conclusion

Reference

ZONE I

ZONE II

ZONE III

ZONE I (F)

ZONE I

1. PARKINI-II BLOCK-A (2564-6)

2. PARKINI-II BLOCK-B (2564-7)

3. RASMALAN-II (2564-8)

4. RASMALAN-II West (2564-9)

ZONE II

5. PAHARPUR-II (3170-13)

6. KHIU-II (3171-4)

7. LAYYAH-II (3070-18)

8. ALIPUR-II (2970-10)

9. RACHNA-II (3071-6)

10. KHANPUR-II (2870-8)

11. CHHALGARI (2867-7)

12. DERA MURAD JAMALI(2868-9)

13. KALAT SOUTH (2865-5)

ZONE III

14. SOHBAT PUR (2868-8)

15. KOT MAGSI (2767-6)

16. KAMBAR (2767-5)

17. ZAMZAMA-II SOUTH (2667-16)

18. SUKHPUR-II (2568-23)

19. NAING SHARIF (2667-20)

20. JHERRUCK 2469-13

ZONE I (F)

21. ZIARAT NORTH (2966-3)

22. KALAT NORTH (2966-4)

23. AHMAD WAL (2965-1)

24. PADAG (2864-3)

25. CHAGAI (2864-4)

26. DALBANDIN (2864-5)

27. MERUI (2864-6)

28. MERUI WEST (2863-1)

29. NOKUNDI SOUTH (2763-7)

29. NOKUNDI (2862-2)

31. TOZGI (2861-1)

Capillary Seals and Migration

Migration Rate

Long-Distance Migration

Capillary Pressure and Traps

Vertical vs. Lateral Migration

Capillary Pressure’s Role in Trap Formation

Reference